Thyroid
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate many important bodily functions, including metabolism, body temperature, and energy levels. When the thyroid gland produces too little or too much of these hormones, it can lead to a variety of health problems, including mood disorders.
Thyroid disorders can affect mood in several ways. For example, an under-active thyroid (hypothyroidism) can cause symptoms such as fatigue, lethargy, and depression. This is because the thyroid hormones play an important role in regulating metabolism, and when they are not produced in sufficient quantities, it can lead to a decrease in energy levels and feelings of sadness or hopelessness.
Conversely, an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can cause symptoms such as anxiety, nervousness, and irritability. This is because the excess thyroid hormones can stimulate the nervous system, leading to feelings of restlessness and nervousness.
In addition to these direct effects on mood, thyroid disorders can also affect the levels of other hormones in the body, such as cortisol and estrogen, which can further contribute to mood changes.
A thorough workup should always include looking at thyroid function. A simple blood test can diagnose a thyroid disorder.
A complete thyroid panel includes TSH, Free and Total T4, Free and Total T3, reverse T3, and thyroid antibodies.
Treatment may involve medications, supplements, diet, and lifestyle adjustments to restore thyroid hormone levels to normal and improve mood.
Picture source: Skah S, Uchuya-Castillo J, Sirakov M, Plateroti M. The thyroid hormone nuclear receptors and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway: An intriguing liaison. Dev Biol. 2017;422(2):71-82. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.01.003